Scientific Reviews
Can Higher Education Respond to the Challenges of the Latest Industrial Revolutions. Shaping future technologies as testbeds of innovation and for educating and upskilling future generations
Abstract. Humans (Homo sapiens sapiens) were the most abundant and widespread species of primates, characterized by bipedalism, language, and large, complex brains. They lived as hunter-gatherers foraging and hunting to collect food from their environment. Controlled...
Marine Species for Biomonitoring and Toxicity Tests of microplastics and nanoplastics in the marine environment
Abstract, Μarine pollution due to plastic waste is a globally recognized threat that needs effective actions of control and mitigation. Continental plastic litter is flushed into the oceans by storms andriver systems or is directly discharged into coastal waters. At a...
Global Warming and Climate Change. Fossil fuels and anthropogenic activities have warmed the Earth’s atmosphere, oceans, and land
Abstract Τhere ιs overwhelming scientific evidence that anthropogenic activities, especially burning fossil fuels (coal, petroleum, natural gas), are leading to increased levels of CO2 and other greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the Earth’s atmosphere. This process amplifies...
The COP26 UN Conference Promoted Climate to the Top of the Global Agenda. Opportunity for pivotal change in global climate policy to protect the long-term survival of humanity
Abstract. Energy from the Sun was the fundamental contributing factor in the emergence of life and evolution of living species on Earth. Extensive use of fire, and later fossil fuels by humans contributed to their technological advances but followed by a crucial...
Global Biodiversity Crisis on Planet Earth. The variety of living things in the web of life is facing widespread extinction threats
Abstract. Biodiversity is the variety of all living things on Earth (plants, animals, microorganisms), and how they fit together in the web of life, bringing oxygen, water, food and a great number of other material and cultural benefits for the human civilization....
Risk Assessment and Toxicological Research for Microplastics and Nanoplastics. Adverse effects to marine organisms and potential harmful implications to human health
Abstract.Global plastics production reached 368 million metric tons in 2019. Exceptional properties, such as low cost, lightweight, high strength and durability, make plastics suitable for manufacture on a wide range of useful products and industrial materials. But in...
Oxygen as a Trigger for the Evolutionary Innovations of Life on Earth. A widely evolutionary theory, 540 million years ago, leading to Cambrian explosion
Abstract. The Big Bang model is the widely held theory of the evolution of the universe from a state of extremely high temperature and density that occurred 13.7-13.8 billion years ago. The solar system, Sun and planets, was formed ~4.5 billion years ago. For...
Electric Vehicle’s Batteries: Emerging Trends in Sustainability and Recycling. Substantial technological problems confronting researchers
Abstract The electric vehicle (EV) revolution is accelerating in the last decade, but it needs urgently an expansive infrastructure and new technological breakthroughs. As trends of the motor manufacturers shifts from fossil fuels to all-electric, visions of a...
Global Forests Can Attenuate Earth’s Climate Change. A critical role in balancing global warming through carbon sequestration
Abstract The five systems of Earth: geosphere, biosphere, cryosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere interact to produce the earthly known environment. Global forests play fundamental biophysical, biogeochemical, hydrological, economic and cultural roles in the Earth...
Water-Energy-Food Nexus. Can we safeguard critical interwoven resources for human civilization’s survival in the 21st century?
Abstract. Energy, water and food were and still are three interwoven and major elements that ensured human civilization’s survival. This intricate relationship is known as the water-energy-food nexus (WEF).Energy sources played a crucial role for the development of...
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